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lssue 9, 2025
Editors-in-Chief
Yunhe Pan, Aiguo Fei
Advisor Xicheng Lu
ISSN 2095-9184
CN 33-1389/TP
IF (2024 JCR) 2.9
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Volume 26 Issue 9，2025
Regular Papers
Abstract：Shape-changing interfaces use physical changes of shape as input or output to convey information, and interact with users. Plants are natural shape-changing interfaces, expert in adjusting their shape or modality to adapt to the environment. In this paper, plant-derived natural shape-changing phenomena are systematically analyzed. Then, several corresponding plant-inspired design strategies for shape-changing interfaces are summarized with recent advancements including material selections and syntheses, fabrication methods, and actuating mechanisms. Practical applications across diverse domains aim to prove the advantages and potential of plant-inspired shape-changing interfaces in agriculture, healthcare, architecture, robotics, etc. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges are also discussed, such as design thinking in interdisciplinary tasks, dynamic behavior and control principles, novel materials and processes, application scenario and functionality matching, and large-scale application requirements. This paper is expected to inspire in-depth research on plant-inspired shape-changing interfaces.Keywords：Shape-changing interfaces;Tangible interfaces;Botanical bionics;Human–computer interaction;Smart materials4|0|0Updated：2025-11-05Regular Papers
Abstract：The printed circuit board (PCB) stands as the cornerstone of electronic equipment, with its schematic holding paramount importance for system performance and reliability. In light of the pervasive use of electronic devices in society, concerns regarding maintenance, safety, backdoors, and other latent issues have garnered significant attention. Automatic schematic generation (ASG), with its distinct capability for generating circuit schematics autonomously, not only plays a pivotal role in electronic design automation (EDA) but also aids in deciphering the fundamental principles of PCB equipment to effectively address these underlying issues. However, constrained by the increasingly sophisticated manufacturing processes of PCBs and the inherent legal and ethical controversies surrounding reverse engineering, the development of related technologies faces notable bottlenecks. To break through technical barriers and advance technological progress, this paper comprehensively combs through the existing ASG, offers in-depth description of the core algorithms of the technology—layout and routing, and for the application of the technology in PCB reverse engineering, analyzes in detail the current challenges and the faced problems. Around these challenges, feasible solutions are discussed in this paper, with the aims of promoting the research of automatic PCB schematic generation technology and contributing new strength to EDA and PCB reverse engineering automation.Keywords：Automatic schematic generation;Layout;Routing;Printed circuit board;Reverse engineering;Automation4|0|0Updated：2025-11-05Regular Papers
Abstract：The advancement of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication and Internet of Things (IoT) has facilitated the development of intelligent applications, but has also rendered these networks increasingly complex and vulnerable to various targeted attacks. Numerous anomaly detection (AD) models, particularly those using deep learning technologies, have been proposed to monitor and identify network anomalous events. However, the implementation of these models poses challenges for network operators due to lacking expert knowledge of these black-box systems. In this study, we present a comprehensive review of current AD models and methods in the field of communication networks. We categorize these models into four methodological groups based on their underlying principles and structures, with particular emphasis on the role of recent promising large language models (LLMs) in the field of AD. Additionally, we provide a detailed discussion of the models in the following four application areas: network traffic monitoring, networking system log analysis, cloud and edge service provisioning, and IoT security. Based on these application requirements, we examine the current challenges and offer insights into future research directions, including robustness, explainability, and the integration of LLMs for AD.Keywords：Anomaly detection;AIOps;Large language models;Communication networks3|0|0Updated：2025-11-05Regular Papers
“In the field of optimization algorithms, the adaptive dung beetle optimizer (ADBO) has made significant progress. Expert researchers have established the ADBO system, which provides solutions to solve large-scale complex optimization problems, opening up a new direction for optimization algorithm research.”Abstract：The dung beetle optimizer (DBO) is a metaheuristic algorithm with fast convergence and powerful search capabilities, which has shown excellent performance in solving various optimization problems. However, it suffers from the problems of easily falling into local optimal solutions and poor convergence accuracy when dealing with large-scale complex optimization problems. Therefore, we propose an adaptive DBO (ADBO) based on an elastic annealing mechanism to address these issues. First, the convergence factor is adjusted in a nonlinear decreasing manner to balance the requirements of global exploration and local exploitation, thus improving the convergence speed and search quality. Second, a greedy difference optimization strategy is introduced to increase population diversity, improve the global search capability, and avoid premature convergence. Finally, the elastic annealing mechanism is used to perturb the randomly selected individuals, helping the algorithm escape local optima and thereby improve solution quality and algorithm stability. The experimental results on the CEC 2017 and CEC 2022 benchmark function sets and MCNC benchmark circuits verify the effectiveness, superiority, and universality of ADBO.Keywords：Metaheuristic algorithm;Dung beetle optimizer;Convergence factor;Greedy difference optimization strategy;Elastic annealing mechanism46|30|0Updated：2025-10-13Regular Papers
Abstract：Average power analysis plays a crucial role in the design of large-scale digital integrated circuits (ICs). The integration of data-driven machine learning (ML) methods into the electronic design automation (EDA) fields has increased the demand for extensive datasets. To address this need, we propose a novel pseudo-circuit generation algorithm rooted in graph topology. This algorithm efficiently produces a multitude of power analysis examples by converting randomly generated directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) into gate-level Verilog pseudo-combinational circuit netlists. The subsequent introduction of register units transforms pseudo-combinational netlists into pseudo-sequential circuit netlists. Hyperparameters facilitate the control of circuit topology, while appropriate sequential constraints are applied during synthesis to yield a pseudo-circuit dataset. We evaluate our approach using the mainstream power analysis software, conducting pre-layout average power tests on the generated circuits, comparing their performance against benchmark datasets, and verifying the results through circuit topology complexity analysis and static timing analysis (STA). The results confirm the effectiveness of the dataset, and demonstrate the operational efficiency and robustness of the algorithm, underscoring its research value.Keywords：Graph computation;Electronic design automation (EDA);Pseudo-dataset;Average power analysis2|0|0Updated：2025-11-05Regular Papers
Abstract：The increasing adoption of smart devices and cloud services, coupled with limitations in local computing and storage resources, prompts numerous users to transmit private data to cloud servers for processing. However, the transmission of sensitive data in plaintext form raises concerns regarding users' privacy and security. To address these concerns, this study proposes an efficient privacy-preserving secure neural network inference scheme based on homomorphic encryption and secure multi-party computation, which ensures the privacy of both the user and the cloud server while enabling fast and accurate ciphertext inference. First, we divide the inference process into three stages, including the merging stage for adjusting the network structure, the preprocessing stage for performing homomorphic computations, and the online stage for floating-point operations on the secret sharing of private data. Second, we propose an approach of merging network parameters, thereby reducing the cost of multiplication levels and decreasing both ciphertext–plaintext multiplication and addition operations. Finally, we propose a fast convolution algorithm to enhance computational efficiency. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, our scheme reduces the linear operation time in the online stage by at least 11%, significantly reducing inference time and communication overhead.Keywords：Secure neural network inference;Convolutional neural network;Privacy-preserving;Homomorphic encryption;Secret sharing2|0|0Updated：2025-11-05
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