

FOLLOWUS
Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
E-mail:saeedi.ehsan@gmail.com
Received:19 December 2015,
Accepted:28 February 2016,
Published:2017-04
Scan QR Code
Ehsan SAEEDI, Yinan KONG, Md. Selim HOSSAIN. Side-channel attacks and learning-vector quantization[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(4): 511-518.
Ehsan SAEEDI, Yinan KONG, Md. Selim HOSSAIN. Side-channel attacks and learning-vector quantization[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(4): 511-518. DOI: 10.1631/FITEE.1500460.
尽管加密算法已得到改进,加密系统的安全性仍然是密码系统设计者关注的重点。边信道攻击可利用加密系统的物理漏洞来获取秘密信息。目前提出的多种边信道信息分析方法中,机器学习被认为是一种有前景的方法。基于神经网络的机器学习可获得指令标志(功耗与电磁辐射),并自动识别。本文对椭圆曲线加密(Elliptic curve cryptography
ECC)的现场可编程门阵列(field-programmable gate array
FPGA)实现展开了新的实验研究,探讨了基于学习向量量化(Learning vector quantization
LVQ)神经网络的边信道信息表征的效率。LVQ作为多类分类器的主要特点是它具有学习复杂非线性输入-输出关系、使用顺序训练程序和适应数据的能力。实验结果表明基于LVQ的多类分类是边信道数据表征的强大且有前景的方法。
The security of cryptographic systems is a major concern for cryptosystem designers
even though cryptography algorithms have been improved. Side-channel attacks
by taking advantage of physical vulnerabilities of cryptosystems
aim to gain secret information. Several approaches have been proposed to analyze side-channel information
among which machine learning is known as a promising method. Machine learning in terms of neural networks learns the signature (power consumption and electromagnetic emission) of an instruction
and then recognizes it automatically. In this paper
a novel experimental investigation was conducted on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)
to explore the efficiency of side-channel information characterization based on a learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network. The main characteristics of LVQ as a multi-class classifier are that it has the ability to learn complex non-linear input-output relationships
use sequential training procedures
and adapt to the data. Experimental results show the performance of multi-class classification based on LVQ as a powerful and promising approach of side-channel data characterization.
T Bartkewitz , , , K Lemke-Rust . . Efficient template attacks based on probabilistic multi-class support vector machines . . LNCS , , 2013 . . 7771 263 - - 276 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37288-9_18 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37288-9_18 . .
IF Blake , , , G Seroussi , , , N Smart . . Elliptic Curves in Cryptography , , 1999 . . Cambridge University Press , , DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107360211 http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107360211 . .
G Cybenko . . Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function . . Math. Contr. Signals Syst. , , 1989 . . 2 ( ( 4 ): ): 303 - - 314 . . DOI: 10.1007/BF02551274 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02551274 . .
E de Mulder , , , P Buysschaert , , , SB Ors , , , 等 . . Electromagnetic analysis attack on an FPGA implementation of an elliptic curve cryptosystem . . 2005 . . Int. Conf. on Computer as a Tool . . 1879 - - 1882 . . DOI: 10.1109/EURCON.2005.1630348 http://doi.org/10.1109/EURCON.2005.1630348 . .
RO Duda , , , PE Hart , , , DG Stork . . Pattern Classification . . John Wiley & Sons. , , 2011 . . .
D Flotzinger , , , J Kalcher , , , G Pfurtscheller . . EEG classification by learning vector quantization . . Biomed. Eng. , , 1992 . . 37 ( ( 12 ): ): 303 - - 309 . . DOI: 10.1515/bmte.1992.37.12.303 http://doi.org/10.1515/bmte.1992.37.12.303 . .
A Gersho . . Asymptotically optimal block quantization . . IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory , , 1979 . . 25 ( ( 4 ): ): 373 - - 380 . . DOI: 10.1109/TIT.1979.1056067 http://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1979.1056067 . .
SS Haykin . . Neural Networks and Learning Machines , , 2009 . . : Pearson Education : Upper Saddle River , , . .
A Heuser , , , M Zohner . . Intelligent machine homicide . . 2012 . . Int. Workshop on Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design . . 249 - - 264 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29912-4_18 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29912-4_18 . .
J Heyszl , , , S Mangard , , , B Heinz , , , 等 . . Localized electromagnetic analysis of cryptographic implementations . . 2012a . . Cryptographers' Track at the RSA Conf. . . 231 - - 244 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27954-6_15 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27954-6_15 . .
J Heyszl , , , D Merli , , , B Heinz , , , 等 . . Strengths and limitations of high-resolution electromagnetic field measurements for side-channel analysis . . 2012b . . Int. Conf. on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications . . 248 - - 262 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37288-9_17 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37288-9_17 . .
K Itoh , , , T Izu , , , M Takenaka . . Address-bit differential power analysis of cryptographic schemes OK-ECDH and OK-ECDSA . . LNCS , , 2002 . . 2523 129 - - 143 . . DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36400-5_11 http://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36400-5_11 . .
N Koblitz . . Elliptic curve cryptosystems . . Math. Comput. , , 1987 . . 48 ( ( 177 ): ): 203 - - 209 . . DOI: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1987-0866109-5 http://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1987-0866109-5 . .
P Kocher , , , J Jaffe , , , B Jun . . Differential power analysis . . 1999 . . Annual Int. Cryptology Conf. . . 388 - - 397 . . DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48405-1_25 http://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48405-1_25 . .
T Kohonen . . An introduction to neural computing . . Neur. Networks , , 1988 . . 1 ( ( 1 ): ): 3 - - 16 . . DOI: 10.1016/0893-6080(88)90020-2 http://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(88)90020-2 . .
T Kohonen . . Improved versions of learning vector quantization . . 1990a . . Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks . . 545 - - 550 . . DOI: 10.1109/IJCNN.1990.137622 http://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.1990.137622 . .
T Kohonen . . Statistical pattern recognition revisited . . 1990b . . In: Eckmiller, R. (Ed.), Advanced Neural Computers. North-Holland, Amsterdam . . 137 - - 144 . . DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-88400-8.50020-0 http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-88400-8.50020-0 . .
B Kopf , , , M Durmuth . . A provably secure and efficient countermeasure against timing attacks . . 2009 . . 22nd IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symp. . . 324 - - 335 . . DOI: 10.1109/CSF.2009.21 http://doi.org/10.1109/CSF.2009.21 . .
C Li , , , C Lee . . A robust remote user authentication scheme using smart card . . Inform. Technol. Contr. , , 2011 . . 40 ( ( 3 ): ): 236 - - 245 . . DOI: 10.5755/j01.itc.40.3.632 http://doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.40.3.632 . .
C Ma , , , D Wang , , , Q Zhang . . Cryptanalysis and improvement of Sood et al.'s dynamic ID-based authentication scheme . . 2012 . . Int. Conf. on Distributed Computing and Internet Technology . . 141 - - 152 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28073-3_13 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28073-3_13 . .
C Ma , , , D Wang , , , S Zhao . . Security flaws in two improved remote user authentication schemes using smart cards . . Int. J. Commun. Syst. , , 2014 . . 27 ( ( 10 ): ): 2215 - - 2227 . . DOI: 10.1002/dac.2468 http://doi.org/10.1002/dac.2468 . .
S Mangard , , , E Oswald , , , T Popp . . Power Analysis Attacks: Revealing the Secrets of Smart Cards , , 2007 . . Springer Science & Business Media , , DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-38162-6 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38162-6 . .
J Mäntysalo , , , K Torkkolay , , , T Kohonen . . LVQbased speech recognition with high-dimensional context vectors . . 1992 . . Int. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing . . 539 - - 542 . . . .
VS Miller . . Use of elliptic curves in cryptography . . 1986 . . Conf. on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques . . 417 - - 426 . . DOI: 10.1007/3-540-39799-X_31 http://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39799-X_31 . .
M Msgna , , , K Markantonakis , , , K Mayes . . Precise instruction-level side channel profiling of embedded processors . . 2014 . . Int. Conf. on Information Security Practice and Experience . . 129 - - 143 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06320-1_11 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06320-1_11 . .
J Orlando , , , R Mann , , , S Haykin . . Radar Classification of Sea-Ice Using Traditional and Neural Classifiers . . 1990 . . Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks . . Ⅱ - - 263 . . . .
M Pregenzer , , , G Pfurtscheller , , , D Flotzinger . . Automated feature selection with a distinction sensitive learning vector quantizer . . Neurocomputing , , 1996 . . 11 ( ( 1 ): ): 19 - - 29 . . DOI: 10.1016/0925-2312(94)00071-9 http://doi.org/10.1016/0925-2312(94)00071-9 . .
E Prouff . . Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design , , 2014 . . : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10175-0 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10175-0 . .
E Saeedi , , , Y Kong . . Side channel information analysis based on machine learning . . 2014 . . 8th Int. Conf. on Signal Processing and Communication Systems . . 1 - - 7 . . DOI: 10.1109/ICSPCS.2014.7021075 http://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCS.2014.7021075 . .
E Saeedi , , , MS Hossain , , , Y Kong . . Multi-class SVMs analysis of side-channel information of elliptic curve cryptosystem . . 2015 . . Int. Symp. on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems . . 1 - - 6 . . DOI: 10.1109/SPECTS.2015.7285297 http://doi.org/10.1109/SPECTS.2015.7285297 . .
S Tillich , , , C Herbst . . Attacking state-of-the-art software countermeasures: a case study for AES . . 2008 . . Int. Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems . . 228 - - 243 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85053-3_15 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85053-3_15 . .
D Wang , , , P Wang . . Offline dictionary attack on password authentication schemes using smart cards . . LNCS , , 2015 . . 7807 221 - - 237 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27659-5_16 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27659-5_16 . .
D Wang , , , C Ma , , , Q Zhang , , , 等 . . Secure passwordbased remote user authentication scheme against smart card security breach . . J. Networks , , 2013 . . 8 ( ( 1 ): ): 148 - - 155 . . . .
D Wang , , , D He , , , P Wang , , , 等 . . Anonymous twofactor authentication in distributed systems: certain goals are beyond attainment . . IEEE Trans. Depend. Sec. Comput. , , 2015a . . 12 ( ( 4 ): ): 428 - - 442 . . DOI: 10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355850 http://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2014.2355850 . .
D Wang , , , N Wang , , , P Wang , , , 等 . . Preserving privacy for free: efficient and provably secure two-factor authentication scheme with user anonymity . . Inform. Sci. , , 2015b . . 321 162 - - 178 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2015.03.070 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2015.03.070 . .
K Yeh . . A lightweight authentication scheme with user untraceability . . Front. Inform. Technol. Electron. Eng. , , 2015 . . 16 ( ( 4 ): ): 259 - - 271 . . DOI: 10.1631/FITEE.1400232 http://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1400232 . .
PL Zador . . Asymptotic quantization error of continuous signals and the quantization dimension . . IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory , , 1982 . . 28 ( ( 2 ): ): 139 - - 149 . . DOI: 10.1109/TIT.1982.1056490 http://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1982.1056490 . .
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621