A review of computer graphics approaches to urban modeling from a machine learning perspective

Tian FENG; Feiyi FAN; Tomasz BEDNARZ

doi:10.1631/FITEE.2000141

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

A review of computer graphics approaches to urban modeling from a machine learning perspective

Regular Papers | Updated：2022-06-06

- A review of computer graphics approaches to urban modeling from a machine learning perspective
- 机器学习视角下的城市建模计算机图形方法综述
- Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering Vol. 22, Issue 7, Pages: 915-925(2021)
- Affiliations：
  
  Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
  Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  Expanded Perception and Interaction Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW 2021, Australia
  CSIRO's Data61, NSW 2015, Australia
- Author bio：
  
  Tian FENG, E-mail: t.feng@latrobe.edu.au
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1631/FITEE.2000141
  CLC：
- Received：01 April 2020，
  
  Revised：2021-5-7，
  
  Accepted：07 August 2020，
  
  Published Online：22 May 2021，
  
  Published：2021-07
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Tian FENG, Feiyi FAN, Tomasz BEDNARZ. A review of computer graphics approaches to urban modeling from a machine learning perspective[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2021, 22(7): 915-925.
DOI：

Tian FENG, Feiyi FAN, Tomasz BEDNARZ. A review of computer graphics approaches to urban modeling from a machine learning perspective[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2021, 22(7): 915-925. DOI： 10.1631/FITEE.2000141.

摘要

城市建模为生成城市不同场景下的虚拟环境提供了便利。城市建模需要专业知识和考虑，并消耗大量时间和计算资源。即便如此，与之相关的任务有时仍以不满意的结果甚至失败告终。这些挑战得到了计算机图形学领域学者的大量关注。同时，人工智能的蓬勃发展激励人们充分利用机器学习以改进现有解决方案。本文回顾了2010至2019年间发表的文献，对计算机图形领域中使用机器学习的城市建模方法进行综述。本文可作为机器学习视角下城市建模研究现状的概述。

Abstract

Urban modeling facilitates the generation of virtual environments for various scenarios about cities. It requires expertise and consideration

and therefore consumes massive time and computation resources. Nevertheless

related tasks sometimes result in dissatisfaction or even failure. These challenges have received significant attention from researchers in the area of computer graphics. Meanwhile

the burgeoning development of artificial intelligence motivates people to exploit machine learning

and hence improves the conventional solutions. In this paper

we present a review of approaches to urban modeling in computer graphics using machine learning in the literature published between 2010 and 2019. This serves as an overview of the current state of research on urban modeling from a machine learning perspective.

关键词

Keywords

references

L Affara , , , LL Nan , , , B Ghanem , , , 等 . . Large scale asset extraction for urban images . . Proc 14 th European Conf on Computer Vision , , 2016 . . p. 437 - - 452 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46487-9_27 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46487-9_27 . .

F Aleotti , , , G Zaccaroni , , , L Bartolomei , , , 等 . . Real-time single image depth perception in the wild with handheld devices . . 2020 . . https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05724 https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05724 , , . .

S AlHalawani , , , YL Yang , , , H Liu , , , 等 . . Interactive facades analysis and synthesis of semi-regular facades . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 2pt2 ): ): 215 - - 224 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12041 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12041 . .

DG Aliaga . . 3D design and modeling of smart cities from a computer graphics perspective . . Int Schol Res Notic , , 2012 . . 2012 728913 DOI: 10.5402/2012/728913 http://doi.org/10.5402/2012/728913 . .

F Bao , , , M Schwarz , , , P Wonka . . Procedural facade variations from a single layout . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013a . . 32 ( ( 1 ): ): 8: 1 - - 8: 13 . . DOI: 10.1145/2421636.2421644 http://doi.org/10.1145/2421636.2421644 . .

F Bao , , , DM Yan , , , NJ Mitra , , , 等 . . Generating and exploring good building layouts . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013b . . 32 ( ( 4 ): ): 122: 1 - - 122: 10 . . DOI: 10.1145/2461912.2461977 http://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461977 . .

J Bene , , , A Wilkie , , , J Kivnek . . Procedural modelling of urban road networks . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 6 ): ): 132 - - 142 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12283 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12283 . .

G Besuievsky , , , G Patow . . Customizable LOD for procedural architecture . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 8 ): ): 26 - - 34 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12141 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12141 . .

CM Bishop . . Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning , , : : New York, USA Springer , , 2006 . . .

R Caruana , , , A Niculescu-Mizil . . An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms . . Proc 23 rd Int Conf on Machine Learning , , 2006 . . p. 161 - - 168 . . DOI: 10.1145/1143844.1143865 http://doi.org/10.1145/1143844.1143865 . .

D Ceylan , , , NJ Mitra , , , H Li , , , 等 . . Factored facade acquisition using symmetric line arrangements . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2012 . . 31 ( ( 2pt3 ): ): 671 - - 680 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03046.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03046.x . .

D Ceylan , , , NJ Mitra , , , Y Zheng , , , 等 . . Coupled structure-from-motion and 3D symmetry detection for urban facades . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 1 ): ): 2 DOI: 10.1145/2517348 http://doi.org/10.1145/2517348 . .

C Cortes , , , V Vapnik . . Support-vector networks . . Mach Learn , , 1995 . . 20 ( ( 3 ): ): 273 - - 297 . . DOI: 10.1007/BF00994018 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018 . .

T Cover , , , P Hart . . Nearest neighbor pattern classification . . IEEE Trans Inform Theory , , 1967 . . 13 ( ( 1 ): ): 21 - - 27 . . DOI: 10.1109/TIT.1967.1053964 http://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1967.1053964 . .

M Dang , , , D Ceylan , , , B Neubert , , , 等 . . Safe: structure-aware facade editing . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 2 ): ): 83 - - 93 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12313 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12313 . .

M Dang , , , S Lienhard , , , D Ceylan , , , 等 . . Interactive design of probability density functions for shape grammars . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 6 ): ): 206 DOI: 10.1145/2816795.2818069 http://doi.org/10.1145/2816795.2818069 . .

I Demir , , , DG Aliaga , , , B Benes . . Proceduralization of buildings at city scale . . Proc 2 nd Int Conf on 3D Vision , , 2014 . . p. 456 - - 463 . . DOI: 10.1109/3DV.2014.31 http://doi.org/10.1109/3DV.2014.31 . .

A Emilien , , , A Bernhardt , , , A Peytavie , , , 等 . . Procedural generation of villages on arbitrary terrains . . Vis Comput , , 2012 . . 28 ( ( 6-8 ): ): 809 - - 818 . . DOI: 10.1007/s00371-012-0699-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-012-0699-7 . .

T Feng , , , LF Yu , , , SK Yeung , , , 等 . . Crowd-driven mid-scale layout design . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2016 . . 35 ( ( 4 ): ): 132 DOI: 10.1145/2897824.2925894 http://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925894 . .

T Feng , , , QT Truong , , , DT Nguyen , , , 等 . . Urban zoning using higher-order Markov random fields on multi-view imagery data . . Proc 15 th European Conf on Computer Vision , , 2018 . . p. 627 - - 644 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01237-3_38 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01237-3_38 . .

GD Fernandes , , , AR Fernandes . . Space colonisation for procedural road generation . . Proc Int Conf on Graphics and Interaction , , 2018 . . p. 1 - - 8 . . DOI: 10.1109/ITCGI.2018.8602928 http://doi.org/10.1109/ITCGI.2018.8602928 . .

K Fukushima . . Neocognitron: a self organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position . . Biol Cybern , , 1980 . . 36 ( ( 4 ): ): 193 - - 202 . . DOI: 10.1007/BF00344251 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344251 . .

E Galin , , , A Peytavie , , , N Marchal , , , 等 . . Procedural generation of roads . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2010 . . 29 ( ( 2 ): ): 429 - - 438 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01612.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01612.x . .

E Galin , , , A Peytavie , , , E Gurin , , , 等 . . Authoring hierarchical road networks . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2011 . . 30 ( ( 7 ): ): 2021 - - 2030 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.02055.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.02055.x . .

I Garcia-Dorado , , , D G Aliaga , , , S V Ukkusuri . . Designing large-scale interactive traffic animations for urban modeling . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 2 ): ): 411 - - 420 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12329 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12329 . .

I Garcia-Dorado , , , DG Aliaga , , , S Bhalachandran , , , 等 . . Fast weather simulation for inverse procedural design of 3D urban models . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2017 . . 36 ( ( 2 ): ): 21 DOI: 10.1145/2999534 http://doi.org/10.1145/2999534 . .

R Goldblatt , , , MF Stuhlmacher , , , B Tellman , , , 等 . . Using landsat and nighttime lights for supervised pixel-based image classification of urban land cover . . Remot Sens Environ , , 2018 . . 205 253 - - 275 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.026 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.026 . .

I Goodfellow , , , Y Bengio , , , A Courville . . Deep Learning , , : : Cambridge, UK MIT Press , , 2016 . . .

I Goodfellow , , , J Pouget-Abadie , , , M Mirza , , , 等 . . Generative adversarial nets . . Proc 27 th Int Conf on Neural Information Processing Systems , , 2014 . . p. 2672 - - 2680 . . . .

P Guerrero , , , S Jeschke , , , M Wimmer , , , 等 . . Learning shape placements by example . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 4 ): ): 108 DOI: 10.1145/2766933 http://doi.org/10.1145/2766933 . .

YJ Guo , , , EX Chen , , , Y Guo , , , 等 . . Deep highway unit network for land cover type classification with GF-3 SAR imagery . . Proc SAR in Big Data Era: Models, Methods and Applications , , 2017 . . p. 1 - - 6 . . DOI: 10.1109/BIGSARDATA.2017.8124926 http://doi.org/10.1109/BIGSARDATA.2017.8124926 . .

S Hartmann , , , M Weinmann , , , R Wessel , , , 等 . . StreetGAN: towards road network synthesis with generative adversarial networks . . Proc 25 th Int Conf in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision , , 2017 . . p. 133 - - 142 . . . .

MH Hassoun . . Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Networks , , : : Cambridge, USA MIT Press , , 1995 . . .

T Hastie , , , R Tibshirani , , , J Friedman . . The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction , , : : New York, USA Springer , , 2009 . . .

TK Ho . . Random decision forests . . Proc 3 rd Int Conf on Document Analysis and Recognition , , 1995 . . p. 278 DOI: 10.1109/ICDAR.1995.598994 http://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.1995.598994 . .

JJ Hopfield . . Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities . . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , , 1982 . . 79 ( ( 8 ): ): 2554 - - 2558 . . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 . .

YJ Hu , , , S Gao , , , K Janowicz , , , 等 . . Extracting and understanding urban areas of interest using geotagged photos . . Comput Environ Urban Syst , , 2015 . . 54 240 - - 254 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.001 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.001 . .

HB Huang , , , E Kalogerakis , , , E Yumer , , , 等 . . Shape synthesis from sketches via procedural models and convolutional networks . . IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph , , 2017 . . 23 ( ( 8 ): ): 2003 - - 2013 . . DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2016.2597830 http://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2597830 . .

M Ilk , , , P Musialski , , , T Auzinger , , , 等 . . Layer-based procedural design of fa ades . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 2 ): ): 205 - - 216 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12553 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12553 . .

P Isola , , , J Zhu , , , TH Zhou , , , 等 . . Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks . . 2016 . . https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.07004 https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.07004 , , . .

G James , , , D Witten , , , T Hastie , , , 等 . . An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R , , : : New York, USA Springer , , 2014 . . .

LP Kaelbling , , , ML Littman , , , AW Moore . . Reinforcement learning: a survey . . J Artif Intell Res , , 1996 . . 4 ( ( 1 ): ): 237 - - 285 . . . .

T Kelly , , , P Wonka , , , P Mueller . . Interactive dimensioning of parametric models . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 2 ): ): 117 - - 129 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12546 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12546 . .

T Kelly , , , J Femiani , , , P Wonka , , , 等 . . BigSUR: large-scale structured urban reconstruction . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2017 . . 36 ( ( 6 ): ): 204 DOI: 10.1145/3130800.3130823 http://doi.org/10.1145/3130800.3130823 . .

T Kelly , , , P Guerrero , , , A Steed , , , 等 . . FrankenGAN: guided detail synthesis for building mass models using style-synchonized GANs . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2018 . . 37 ( ( 6 ): ): 216 DOI: 10.1145/3272127.3275065 http://doi.org/10.1145/3272127.3275065 . .

M Khanum , , , T Mahboob , , , W Imtiaz , , , 等 . . A survey on unsupervised machine learning algorithms for automation, classification and maintenance . . Int J Comput Appl , , 2015 . . 119 ( ( 13 ): ): 34 - - 39 . . DOI: 10.5120/21131-4058 http://doi.org/10.5120/21131-4058 . .

S Kim , , , D Kim , , , S Choi . . CityCraft: 3D virtual city creation from a single image . . Vis Comput , , 2020 . . 36 ( ( 5 ): ): 911 - - 924 . . DOI: 10.1007/s00371-019-01701-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-019-01701-x . .

L Krecklau , , , D Pavic , , , L Kobbelt . . Generalized use of non-terminal symbols for procedural modeling . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2010 . . 29 ( ( 8 ): ): 2291 - - 2303 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01714.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01714.x . .

A Krizhevsky , , , I Sutskever , , , GE Hinton . . ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks . . Commun ACM , , 2017 . . 60 ( ( 6 ): ): 84 - - 90 . . DOI: 10.1145/3065386 http://doi.org/10.1145/3065386 . .

ZZ Kuang , , , B Chan , , , YZ Yu , , , 等 . . A compact random-access representation for urban modeling and rendering . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 6 ): ): 172 DOI: 10.1145/2508363.2508424 http://doi.org/10.1145/2508363.2508424 . .

F Lafarge , , , C Mallet . . Building large urban environments from unstructured point data . . Proc Int Conf on Computer Vision , , 2011 . . p. 1068 - - 1075 . . DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126353 http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2011.6126353 . .

Y Lecun , , , L Bottou , , , Y Bengio , , , 等 . . Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition . . Proc IEEE , , 1998 . . 86 ( ( 11 ): ): 2278 - - 2324 . . DOI: 10.1109/5.726791 http://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791 . .

HN Li , , , YH Jia , , , Y Zhou . . Urban expansion pattern analysis and planning implementation evaluation based on using fully convolution neural network to extract land range . . NeuroQuantology , , 2018 . . 16 ( ( 5 ): ): 814 - - 822 . . DOI: 10.14704/nq.2018.16.5.1390 http://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2018.16.5.1390 . .

ML Li , , , P Wonka , , , LL Nan . . Manhattan-world urban reconstruction from point clouds . . Proc 14 th European Conf on Computer Vision , , 2016 . . p. 54 - - 69 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_4 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_4 . .

S Lienhard , , , C Lau , , , P Mller , , , 等 . . Design transformations for rule-based procedural modeling . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2017 . . 36 ( ( 2 ): ): 39 - - 48 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.13105 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13105 . .

H Lin , , , JZ Gao , , , Y Zhou , , , 等 . . Semantic decomposition and reconstruction of residential scenes from LiDAR data . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 4 ): ): 66 DOI: 10.1145/2461912.2461969 http://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461969 . .

A Lindenmayer . . Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development I . . Filaments with one-sided inputs. J Theor Biol , , 1968 . . 18 ( ( 3 ): ): 280 - - 299 . . DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(68)90079-9 http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(68)90079-9 . .

M Lipp , , , D Scherzer , , , P Wonka , , , 等 . . Interactive modeling of city layouts using layers of procedural content . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2011 . . 30 ( ( 2 ): ): 345 - - 354 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01865.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01865.x . .

K Lynch . . The Image of the City , , : : Cambridge, UK MIT Press , , 1964 . . .

J MacQueen . . Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations . . Proc 5 th Berkeley Symp on Mathematical Statistics and Probability , , 1967 . . p. 281 - - 297 . . . .

CDT Mathew , , , PR Knob , , , SR Musse , , , 等 . . Urban walkability design using virtual population simulation . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2019 . . 38 ( ( 1 ): ): 455 - - 469 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.13585 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13585 . .

R Mch , , , P Prusinkiewicz . . Visual models of plants interacting with their environment . . Proc 23 rd Annual Conf on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques , , 1996 . . p. 397 - - 410 . . DOI: 10.1145/237170.237279 http://doi.org/10.1145/237170.237279 . .

P Merrell , , , E Schkufza , , , V Koltun . . Computer-generated residential building layouts . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2010 . . 29 ( ( 6 ): ): 181 DOI: 10.1145/1882261.1866203 http://doi.org/10.1145/1882261.1866203 . .

M Mirza , , , S Osindero . . Conditional generative adversarial nets . . 2014 . . https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.1784 https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.1784 , , . .

P Mller , , , P Wonka , , , S Haegler , , , 等 . . Procedural modeling of buildings . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2006 . . 25 ( ( 3 ): ): 614 - - 623 . . DOI: 10.1145/1141911.1141931 http://doi.org/10.1145/1141911.1141931 . .

P Musialski , , , M Wimmer , , , P Wonka . . Interactive coherence-based fa ades modeling . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2012 . . 31 ( ( 2pt3 ): ): 661 - - 670 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03045.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03045.x . .

LL Nan , , , A Sharf , , , H Zhang , , , 等 . . SmartBoxes for interactive urban reconstruction . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2010 . . 29 ( ( 4 ): ): 93 DOI: 10.1145/1778765.1778830 http://doi.org/10.1145/1778765.1778830 . .

LL Nan , , , CG Jiang , , , B Ghanem , , , 等 . . Template assembly for detailed urban reconstruction . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 2 ): ): 217 - - 228 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12554 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12554 . .

D Newton . . Generative deep learning in architectural design . . Technol Arch Des , , 2019 . . 3 ( ( 2 ): ): 176 - - 189 . . DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2019.1640536 http://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2019.1640536 . .

G Nishida , , , I Garcia-Dorado , , , DG Aliaga . . Example-driven procedural urban roads . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2016a . . 35 ( ( 6 ): ): 5 - - 17 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12728 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12728 . .

G Nishida , , , I Garcia-Dorado , , , DG Aliaga , , , 等 . . Interactive sketching of urban procedural models . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2016b . . 35 ( ( 4 ): ): 130 DOI: 10.1145/2897824.2925951 http://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925951 . .

YIH Parish , , , P Mller . . Procedural modeling of cities . . Proc 28 th Annual Conf on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques , , 2001 . . p. 301 - - 308 . . DOI: 10.1145/383259.383292 http://doi.org/10.1145/383259.383292 . .

CH Peng , , , YL Yang , , , P Wonka . . Computing layouts with deformable templates . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 4 ): ): 99 DOI: 10.1145/2601097.2601164 http://doi.org/10.1145/2601097.2601164 . .

CH Peng , , , YL Yang , , , F Bao , , , 等 . . Computational network design from functional specifications . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2016 . . 35 ( ( 4 ): ): 131 DOI: 10.1145/2897824.2925935 http://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925935 . .

DE Rumelhart , , , GE Hinton , , , RJ Williams . . Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation. In: Rumelhart DE, McClelland JL (Eds. ), Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations , , : : Cambridge, MA, USA MIT Press , , 1986 . . 1401 - - 1406 . . . .

RE Schapire . . A brief introduction to boosting . . Proc 16 th Int Joint Conf on Artificial Intelligenc , , 1999 . . p. 1401 - - 1406 . . . .

B Scholkopf , , , AJ Smola . . Learning with kernels: support vector machines, regularization, optimization, and beyond , , : : Cambridge, MA, USA MIT Press , , 2001 . . .

M Schwarz , , , P Mller . . Advanced procedural modeling of architecture . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 4 ): ): 107 DOI: 10.1145/2766956 http://doi.org/10.1145/2766956 . .

CH Shen , , , SS Huang , , , H Fu , , , 等 . . Adaptive partitioning of urban facades . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2011 . . 30 ( ( 6 ): ): 184 DOI: 10.1145/2070781.2024218 http://doi.org/10.1145/2070781.2024218 . .

RM Smelik , , , T Tutenel , , , R Bidarra , , , 等 . . A survey on procedural modelling for virtual worlds . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 6 ): ): 31 - - 50 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.12276 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12276 . .

N Smith , , , N Moehrle , , , M Goesele , , , 等 . . Aerial path planning for urban scene reconstruction: a continuous optimization method and benchmark . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2018 . . 37 ( ( 6 ): ): 183 DOI: 10.1145/3272127.3275010 http://doi.org/10.1145/3272127.3275010 . .

United Nations . . 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects . . 2018 . . https://un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html https://un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html , , . .

CA Vanegas , , , DG Aliaga , , , B Benes , , , 等 . . Interactive design of urban spaces using geometrical and behavioral modeling . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2009 . . 28 ( ( 5 ): ): 111 DOI: 10.1145/1618452.1618457 http://doi.org/10.1145/1618452.1618457 . .

CA Vanegas , , , DG Aliaga , , , B Bene . . Building reconstruction using Manhattan-world grammars . . Proc IEEE Computer Society Conf on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , , 2010 . . p. 358 - - 365 . . DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540190 http://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540190 . .

CA Vanegas , , , I Garcia-Dorado , , , DG Aliaga , , , 等 . . Inverse design of urban procedural models . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2012a . . 31 ( ( 6 ): ): 168 DOI: 10.1145/2366145.2366187 http://doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366187 . .

CA Vanegas , , , T Kelly , , , B Weber , , , 等 . . Procedural generation of parcels in urban modeling . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2012b . . 31 ( ( 2pt3 ): ): 681 - - 690 . . DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03047.x http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2012.03047.x . .

Y Verdie , , , F Lafarge , , , P Alliez . . LOD generation for urban scenes . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2015 . . 34 ( ( 3 ): ): 30 DOI: 10.1145/2732527 http://doi.org/10.1145/2732527 . .

P Wonka , , , M Wimmer , , , F Sillion , , , 等 . . Instant Architecture , , : : New York, NY, USA ACM Press , , 2003 . . .

FZ Wu , , , DM Yan , , , WM Dong , , , 等 . . Inverse procedural modeling of facade layouts . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2014 . . 33 ( ( 4 ): ): 121 DOI: 10.1145/2601097.2601162 http://doi.org/10.1145/2601097.2601162 . .

WM Wu , , , LB Fan , , , LG Liu , , , 等 . . MIQP-based layout design for building interiors . . Comput Graph Forum , , 2018 . . 37 ( ( 2 ): ): 511 - - 521 . . DOI: 10.1111/cgf.13380 http://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13380 . .

JX Xiao , , , T Fang , , , P Zhao , , , 等 . . Image-based street-side city modeling . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2009 . . 28 ( ( 5 ): ): 114 DOI: 10.1145/1618452.1618460 http://doi.org/10.1145/1618452.1618460 . .

YL Yang , , , J Wang , , , E Vouga , , , 等 . . Urban pattern: layout design by hierarchical domain splitting . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 6 ): ): 181 DOI: 10.1145/2508363.2508405 http://doi.org/10.1145/2508363.2508405 . .

QZ Yu , , , A Steed . . Example-based Road Network Synthesis . . Eurographics 2012-Short Papers , , 2012 . . DOI: 10.2312/conf/EG2012/short/053-056 http://doi.org/10.2312/conf/EG2012/short/053-056 . .

ME Yumer , , , P Asente , , , R Mech , , , 等 . . Procedural modeling using autoencoder networks . . Proc 28 th Annual ACM Symp on User Interface Software and Technology , , 2015 . . p. 109 - - 118 . . DOI: 10.1145/2807442.2807448 http://doi.org/10.1145/2807442.2807448 . .

H Zhang , , , K Xu , , , W Jiang , , , 等 . . Layered analysis of irregular facades via symmetry maximization . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2013 . . 32 ( ( 4 ): ): 121 DOI: 10.1145/2461912.2461923 http://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461923 . .

Q Zheng , , , A Sharf , , , GW Wan , , , 等 . . Non-local scan consolidation for 3D urban scenes . . ACM Trans Graph , , 2010 . . 29 ( ( 4 ): ): 94 DOI: 10.1145/1778765.1778831 http://doi.org/10.1145/1778765.1778831 . .

B Zhou , , , A Lapedriza , , , J Xiao , , , 等 . . Learning deep features for scene recognition using places database . . Proc 27 th Int Conf on Neural Information Processing Systems , , 2014 . . p. 487 - - 495 . . . .

X Zhu , , , AB Goldberg . . Introduction to semi-supervised learning . . Synth Lect Artif Intell Mach Learn , , 2009 . . 3 ( ( 1 ): ): 1 - - 130 . . DOI: 10.2200/S00196ED1V01Y200906AIM006 http://doi.org/10.2200/S00196ED1V01Y200906AIM006 . .

Views

181

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Advances and challenges in artificial intelligence text generation

Data-driven soft sensors in blast furnace ironmaking: a survey

A review on cyber security named entity recognition

MltAuxTSPP: a unified benchmark for deep learning-based traffic state prediction with multi-source auxiliary data

Q-space-coordinate-guided neural networks for high-fidelity diffusion tensor estimation from minimal diffusion-weighted images

Related Author

Bing LI

Peng YANG

Yuankang SUN

Zhongjian HU

Meng YI

Yueyang LUO

Xinmin ZHANG

Manabu KANO

Related Institution

School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University

Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration, Ministry of Education, Southeast University

State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University

Department of Systems Science, Kyoto University

Research Institute, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd.

Chat

Address：Zhejiang University Press, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, China Postal code：310028
Tel：+86-571-88273162 Email：fitee@zju.edu.cn
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰