- About EITEE
- Articles Online
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- Features
- Subscription & Service
- Personal Center
- Logout
FOLLOWUS
- About EITEE
- Introduction
- Editorial Board
- Corresponding Experts
- Events
- Honors
- Contact Us
- Articles Online
- Current Issue
- Archive
- Special Issues
- Virtual Issues
- Highlights
- In Press
- For Authors
- Submit
- Call for papers
- Guide for Authors
- Ethics & Disclosures
- Fee & Funding
- Downloads
- For Reviewers
- Guide for Reviewers
- Ethics & Disclosures
- Thanks card
- Features
- FITEE Forum
- Engineering Front
- Paper Videos
- Editors’ Corner
- Other Resources
- Subscription & Service
- Subscription
- Services
Human-cyber-physical systems: concepts, challenges, and research opportunities
- 人机物融合系统：概念、挑战与研究机遇
- Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering Vol. 21, Issue 11, Pages: 1535-1553(2020)
- Affiliations：
RISE-Centre for Research and Innovation in Software Engineering, School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
State Key Laboratory for High Performance Computing, School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China E-mail: zhimingliu88@swu.edu.cn; jiwang@ios.ac.cn Received Oct. 10, 2020; Revision accepted Oct. 16, 2020; Crosschecked Oct. 26, 2020
- Author bio：
[ "", "Zhiming LIU received his MS degree in Computing Science from Software Institute of CAS in 1988 and PhD degree in Computer Science from University of Warwick in 1991. He worked in three universities in the UK during 1988– 2005 and 2013–2015, and the United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology (Macau) during 2002–2013. In 2016 he joined Southwest University in Chongqing as a full-time professor, leading the development of the University Centre for Research and Innovation in Software Engineering (RISE). He is an editorial board member of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering. He has been working in the area of software theory and methods, and is known for work on transformational approach to fault-tolerant and real-time systems, probabilistic duration calculus for system dependability analysis, and the rCOS method for object-oriented and component-based software." ]
[ "", "Ji WANG received his BS degree and PhD degree in Computer Science in 1987 and 1995, respectively, from the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. He is now a full professor at the State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, China. He is an executive associate editor-in-chief of Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering. His research interests include formal methods and software engineering. jiwang@ios.ac.cn" ]
- Funds：
DOI：10.1631/FITEE.2000537
CLC： TP311Received：10 October 2020，
Revised：2020-10-26，
Published：2020-11
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
LIU Zhiming, WANG Ji. Human-cyber-physical systems: concepts, challenges, and research opportunities[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2020, 21(11): 1535-1553.
LIU Zhiming, WANG Ji. Human-cyber-physical systems: concepts, challenges, and research opportunities[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2020, 21(11): 1535-1553. DOI： 10.1631/FITEE.2000537.
摘要
Abstract
In this perspective article
we first recall the historic background of human-cyber-physical systems (HCPSs)
and then introduce and clarify important concepts. We discuss the key challenges in establishing the scientific foundation from a system engineering point of view
including (1) complex heterogeneity
(2) lack of appropriate abstractions
(3) dynamic black-box integration of heterogeneous systems
(4) complex requirements for functionalities
performance
and quality of services
and (5) design
implementation
and maintenance of HCPS to meet requirements. Then we propose four research directions to tackle the challenges
including (1) abstractions and computational theory of HCPS
(2) theories and methods of HCPS architecture modelling
(3) specification and verification of model properties
and (4) software-defined HCPS. The article also serves as the editorial of this special section on cyber-physical systems and summarises the four articles included in this special section.
关键词
Keywords
references
R Alur , , , C Courcoubetis , , , N Halbwachs , , , 等 . . The algorithmic analysis of hybrid systems . . Theor Comput Sci , , 1995 . . 138 ( ( 1 ): ): 3 - - 34 . . DOI: 10.1016/0304-3975(94)00202-T http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)00202-T . .
R Baheti , , , H Gill . . Cyber-physical systems . . Impact Contr Technol , , 2011 . . 12 ( ( 1 ): ): 161 - - 166 . . . .
A Banerjee , , , KK Venkatasubramanian , , , T Mukherjee , , , 等 . . Ensuring safety, security, and sustainability of mission-critical cyber-physical systems . . Proc IEEE , , 2012 . . 100 ( ( 1 ): ): 283 - - 299 . . DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2165689 http://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2011.2165689 . .
M Broy , , , MV Cengarle , , , E Geisberger . . Cyber-physical systems: imminent challenges . . Proc $17^{\rm th}$ Monterey Workshop , , 2012 . . p.1 - - 28 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34059-8_1 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34059-8_1 . .
D Calvaresi , , , M Marinoni , , , A Sturm , , , 等 . . The challenge of real-time multi-agent systems for enabling IoT and CPS . . Proc Int Conf on Web Intelligence , , 2017 . . p.356 - - 364 . . DOI: 10.1145/3106426.3106518 http://doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3106518 . .
D Chen , , , G Doumeingts , , , F Vernadat . . Architectures for enterprise integration and interoperability: past, present and future . . Comput Ind , , 2008 . . 59 ( ( 7 ): ): 647 - - 659 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2007.12.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2007.12.016 . .
X Chen , , , Z Liu . . Towards interface-driven design of evolving component-based architectures . . In: Hinchey M, Bowen JP, Olderog ER (Eds.), Provably Correct Systems.Springer, Cham , , 2017 . . p.121 - - 148 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48628-4_6 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48628-4_6 . .
A Darabseh , , , M Al-Ayyoub , , , Y Jararweh , , , 等 . . SDStorage: a software defined storage experimental framework . . IEEE Int Conf on Cloud Engineering , , 2015 . . p.341 - - 346 . . DOI: 10.1109/IC2E.2015.60 http://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2015.60 . .
F Dressler . . Cyber physical social systems: towards deeply integrated hybridized systems . . Proc Int Conf on Computing, Networking and Communications , , 2018 . . p.420 - - 424 . . DOI: 10.1109/ICCNC.2018.8390404% http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCNC.2018.8390404% . .
H Gill . . Cyber-physical systems: beyond ES, SNs, SCADA . . Proc Trusted Computing in Embedded Systems Workshop , , 2010 . . .
WK Giloi . . Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: the first high-level, "non von Neumann" programming language . . IEEE Ann History Comput , , 1997 . . 19 ( ( 2 ): ): 17 - - 24 . . DOI: 10.1109/85.586068 http://doi.org/10.1109/85.586068 . .
V Gunes , , , S Peter , , , T Givargis , , , 等 . . A survey on concepts, applications, and challenges in cyber-physical systems . . KSII Trans Intern Inform Syst , , 2014 . . 8 ( ( 12 ): ): 4242 - - 4268 . . DOI: 10.3837/tiis.2014.12.001 http://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2014.12.001 . .
JF He . . From CSP to hybrid systems. In: Roscoe AW (Ed.), A Classical Mind: Essays in Honour of C. A. R. Hoare . . Prentice Hall International, New York, USA , , 1994 . . p.171 - - 189 . . . .
CAR Hoare . . Communicating Sequential Processes . . Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, USA , , 1985 . . .
J Hu , , , Z Liu , , , GM Reed , , , 等 . . Ensemble engineering and emergence.In: Wirsing M, Banâtre JP, Hölzl M, et al. (Eds.), Software-Intensive Systems and New Computing Paradigms: Challenges and Visions . . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , , 2008 . . p.162 - - 178 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89437-7]_11 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89437-7]_11 . .
IEEE . . IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: a Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries . . IEEE, New York, USA , , 1990 . . .
Y Jararweh , , , M Al-Ayyoub , , , A Darabseh , , , 等 . . SDIoT: a software defined based Internet of Things framework . . J Amb Intell Human Comput , , 2015 . . 6 ( ( 4 ): ): 453 - - 461 . . DOI: 10.1007/s12652-015-0290-y http://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-015-0290-y . .
Y Jararweh , , , M Al-Ayyoub , , , Ala'Darabseh , , , 等 . . Software defined cloud: survey, system and evaluation . . Fut Gener Comput Syst , , 2016 . . 58 56 - - 74 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2015.10.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2015.10.015 . .
SK Khaitan , , , JD McCalley . . Design techniques and applications of cyberphysical systems: a survey . . IEEE Syst J , , 2015 . . 9 ( ( 2 ): ): 350 - - 365 . . DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2014.2322503 http://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2014.2322503 . .
T Kindberg , , , A Fox . . System software for ubiquitous computing . . IEEE Perv Comput , , 2002 . . 1 ( ( 1 ): ): 70 - - 81 . . DOI: 10.1109/MPRV.2002.993146 http://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2002.993146 . .
H Kubicek , , , R Cimander , , , HJ Scholl . . Layers of interoperability. In: Kubicek H, Cimander R, Scholl HJ (Eds.), Organizational Interoperability in E-Government . . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , , 2011 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22502-4_7 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22502-4_7 . .
EA Lee . . Cyber-physical systems—are computing foundations adequate . . NSF Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems , , 2006 . . .
EA Lee . . Cyber physical systems: design challenges . . Proc $11^{\rm th}$ IEEE Int Symp on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing , , 2008 . . p.363 - - 369 . . DOI: 10.1109/ISORC.2008.25 http://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2008.25 . .
EA Lee . . CPS foundations . . Proc $47^{\rm th}$ Design Automation Conf , , 2010 . . p.737 - - 742 . . DOI: 10.1145/1837274.1837462 http://doi.org/10.1145/1837274.1837462 . .
EA Lee , , , S Neuendorffer , , , MJ Wirthlin . . Actor-oriented design of embedded hardware and software systems . . J Circ Syst Comput , , 2003 . . 12 ( ( 3 ): ): 231 - - 260 . . DOI: 10.1142/S0218126603000751 http://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126603000751 . .
J Lee , , , E Lapira , , , B Bagheri , , , 等 . . Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment . . Manuf Lett , , 2013 . . 1 ( ( 1 ): ): 38 - - 41 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2013.09.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2013.09.005 . .
CH Lindsey , , , HJ Boom . . A modules and separate compilation facility for ALGOL 68 . . ALGOL Bull , , 1978 . . ( ( 43 ): ): 19 - - 53 . . . .
B Liskov , , , S Zilles . . Programming with abstract data types . . Proc ACM SIGPLAN Symp on Very High Level Languages , , 1974 . . p.50 - - 59 . . DOI: 10.1145/800233.807045 http://doi.org/10.1145/800233.807045 . .
Z Liu , , , XH Chen . . Model-driven design of object and component systems . . Proc $1^{\rm st}$ Int School Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems , , 2014 . . p.152 - - 255 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29628-9_4 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29628-9_4 . .
Z Liu , , , M Joseph . . Verification of fault tolerance and real time . . Proc $26^{\rm th}$ Annual Int Symp on Fault-Tolerant Computing , , 1996 . . p.220 - - 229 . . . .
Z Liu , , , M Joseph . . Specification and verification of fault-tolerance, timing, and scheduling . . ACM Trans Program Lang Syst , , 1999 . . 21 ( ( 1 ): ): 46 - - 89 . . DOI: 10.1145/314602.314605 http://doi.org/10.1145/314602.314605 . .
Z Liu , , , AP Ravn , , , X Li . . Verifying duration properties of timed transition systems . . Proc IFIP TC2/WG2.2, 2.3 Int Conf on Programming Concepts and Methods , , 1998 . . p.327 - - 345 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-35358-6_22 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35358-6_22 . .
Z Liu , , , C Morisset , , , V Stolz . . A component-based access control monitor . . Proc $3^{\rm rd}$ Int Symp on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation , , 2008 . . p.339 - - 353 . . . .
Z Liu , , , JP Bowen , , , B Liu , , , 等 . . Software abstractions and human-cyber-physical systems architecture modelling . . Proc $5^{\rm th}$ Int School Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems , , 2019 . . p.159 - - 219 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55089-9_5 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55089-9_5 . .
YJ Lu , , , J Cecil . . An Internet of Things (IoT) based cyber physical framework for advanced manufacturing . . Proc Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2015 Workshops , , 2015 . . p.66 - - 74 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26138-6_10 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26138-6_10 . .
N Lynch , , , R Segala , , , F Vaandrager . . Hybrid I/O automata . . Inform Comput , , 2003 . . 185 ( ( 1 ): ): 103 - - 157 . . DOI: 10.1016/S0890-5401(03)00067-1 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-5401(03)00067-1 . .
NA Lynch . . Distributed Algorithms . . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, USA , , 1996 . . .
H Mei , , , Y Guo . . Toward ubiquitous operating systems: a software-defined perspective . . Computer , , 2018 . . 51 ( ( 1 ): ): 50 - - 56 . . DOI: 10.1109/MC.2018.1151018 http://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.1151018 . .
R Milner . . Communication and Concurrency . . Prentice Hall International, New York, USA , , 1989 . . .
E Molina , , , E Jacob . . Software-defined networking in cyber-physical systems: a survey . . Comput Electr Eng , , 2018 . . 66 407 - - 419 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.05.013 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.05.013 . .
NSF . . NSF Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems . . Austin, Texas, USA , , 2006 . . .
K Nygaard , , , OJ Dahl . . The development of the SIMULA languages . . ACM SIGPLAN Not , , 1978 . . 13 ( ( 8 ): ): 245 - - 272 . . DOI: 10.1145/960118.808391 http://doi.org/10.1145/960118.808391 . .
E Palomar , , , XH Chen , , , Z Liu , , , 等 . . Component-based modelling for scalable smart city systems interoperability: a case study on integrating energy demand response systems . . Sensors , , 2016 . . 16 ( ( 11 ): ): 1810 DOI: 10.3390/s16111810 http://doi.org/10.3390/s16111810 . .
DL Parnas . . On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules . . Commun ACM , , 1972 . . 15 ( ( 12 ): ): 1053 - - 1058 . . DOI: 10.1145/361598.361623 http://doi.org/10.1145/361598.361623 . .
R Rajkumar , , , I Lee , , , L Sha , , , 等 . . Cyber-physical systems: the next computing revolution . . Proc $47^{\rm th}$ Design Automation Conf , , 2010 . . p.731 - - 736 . . DOI: 10.1145/1837274.1837461 http://doi.org/10.1145/1837274.1837461 . .
D Romero , , , P Bernus , , , O Noran , , , 等 . . The operator 4.0: human cyber-physical systems $\&$ adaptive automation towards human-automation symbiosis work systems. . . Proc IFIP WG 5.7 Int Conf on Advances in Production Management Systems , , 2016 . . p.677 - - 686 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51133-7_80 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51133-7_80 . .
A Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , , , W Damm , , , R Passerone . . Taming Dr.Frankenstein: contract-based design for cyber-physical systems . . Eur J Contr , , 2012 . . 18 ( ( 3 ): ): 217 - - 238 . . DOI: 10.3166/ejc.18.217-238 http://doi.org/10.3166/ejc.18.217-238 . .
B Schätz . . Platforms for cyber-physical systems—fractal operating system and integrated development environment for the physical world . . Proc $3^{\rm rd}$ Int Workshop on Emerging Ideas and Trends in Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems , , 2016 . . p.1 - - 4 . . DOI: 10.1109/EITEC.2016.7503688 http://doi.org/10.1109/EITEC.2016.7503688 . .
L Sha , , , S Gopalakrishnan , , , X Liu , , , 等 . . Cyber-physical systems: a new frontier . . Proc IEEE Int Conf on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing , , 2008 . . 1 - - p.9 . . DOI: 10.1109/SUTC.2008.85 http://doi.org/10.1109/SUTC.2008.85 . .
A Sheth , , , P Anantharam , , , C Henson . . Physical-cyber-social computing: an early 21st century approach . . IEEE Intell Syst , , 2013 . . 28 ( ( 1 ): ): 78 - - 82 . . DOI: 10.1109/MIS.2013.20 http://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2013.20 . .
SK Sowe , , , E Simmon , , , K Zettsu , , , 等 . . Cyber-physical-human systems: putting people in the loop . . IT Prof , , 2016 . . 18 ( ( 1 ): ): 10 - - 13 . . DOI: 10.1109/MITP.2016.14 http://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2016.14 . .
Y Tan , , , MC Vuran , , , S Goddard . . Spatio-temporal event model for cyber-physical systems . . Proc $29^{\rm th}$ IEEE Int Conf on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops , , 2009 . . p.44 - - 50 . . DOI: 10.1109/ICDCSW.2009.82 http://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW.2009.82 . .
P Tröger , , , M Werner , , , J Richling . . Cyber-physical operating systems—what are the right abstractions . . Proc $4^{\rm th}$ Mediterranean Conf on Embedded Computing , , 2015 . . p.13 - - 16 . . DOI: 10.1109/MECO.2015.7181874 http://doi.org/10.1109/MECO.2015.7181874 . .
SL Wang , , , NJ Zhan , , , L Zou . . An improved HHL prover: an interactive theorem prover for hybrid systems . . Proc $17^{\rm th}$ Int Conf on Formal Engineering Methods , , 2015 . . p.382 - - 399 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25423-4_25 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25423-4_25 . .
M Weiser . . The computer for the 21st century . . Sci Am , , 1991 . . 265 ( ( 3 ): ): 94 - - 104 . . . .
DJ Wheeler . . The use of sub-routines in programmes . . Proc ACM National Meeting , , 1952 . . 235 DOI: 10.1145/609784.609816 http://doi.org/10.1145/609784.609816 . .
MV Wilkes , , , DJ Wheeler , , , S Gill . . The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer . . Addison-Wesley, Wokingham, UK , , 1951 . . .
M Wirsing , , , JP Banatre , , , M Hölzl , , , 等 . . Software-Intensive Systems and New Computing Paradigms—Challenges and Visions . . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , , 2008 . . .
LD Xu , , , L Duan . . Big data for cyber physical systems in Industry 4.0: a survey . . Enterp Inform Syst , , 2019 . . 13 ( ( 2 ): ): 148 - - 169 . . DOI: 10.1080/17517575.2018.1442934 http://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2018.1442934 . .
DP Zegzhda . . Sustainability as a criterion for information security in cyber-physical systems . . Autom Contr Comput Sci , , 2016 . . 50 ( ( 8 ): ): 813 - - 819 . . DOI: 10.3103/S0146411616080253 http://doi.org/10.3103/S0146411616080253 . .
DZ Zeng , , , L Gu , , , SL Pan , , , 等 . . Software Defined Systems: Sensing, Communication and Computation . . Springer, Cham, Germany , , 2020 . . .
J Zeng , , , LT Yang , , , M Lin , , , 等 . . A survey: cyber-physical-social systems and their system-level design methodology . . Fut Gener Comput Syst , , 2020 . . 105 1028 - - 1042 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2016.06.034 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.06.034 . .
MM Zhang , , , Z Liu , , , C Morisset , , , 等 . . Design and verification of fault-tolerant components.In: Butler M, Jones C, Romanovsky A, et al. (Eds.), Methods, Models and Tools for Fault Tolerance . . Springer, Berlin , , 2009 . . p.57 - - 84 . . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00867-2_4 http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00867-2_4 . .
CC Zhou , , , CAR Hoare , , , AP Ravn . . A calculus of durations . . Inform Process Lett , , 1991 . . 40 ( ( 5 ): ): 269 - - 276 . . DOI: 10.1016/0020-0190(91)90122-X http://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(91)90122-X . .
J Zhou , , , YH Zhou , , , BC Wang , , , 等 . . Human-cyber-physical systems (HCPSs) in the context of new-generation intelligent manufacturing . . Engineering , , 2019 . . 5 ( ( 4 ): ): 624 - - 636 . . DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.015 . .
- L-PDFDownload
- Meta-XMLDownload
- BibTeXDownload
- EndnoteDownload
- RefMan Download
- NoteExpressDownload
- NoteFirstDownload
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
Chat- Address：Zhejiang University Press, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, China Postal code：310028
- Tel：+86-571-88273162 Email：fitee@zju.edu.cn
- Copyright © 2000 - 2025, Zhejiang University Press 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
