Forget less, count better: a domain-incremental self-distillation learning benchmark for lifelong crowd counting

Jiaqi GAO; Jingqi LI; Hongming SHAN; Yanyun QU; James Z. WANG; Fei-Yue WANG; Junping ZHANG

doi:10.1631/FITEE.2200380

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Forget less, count better: a domain-incremental self-distillation learning benchmark for lifelong crowd counting

Regular Papers | Updated：2023-02-27

- Forget less, count better: a domain-incremental self-distillation learning benchmark for lifelong crowd counting
  Cover Article Enhanced Publication
- 忘得少，数得好：一种域增量式自蒸馏终身人群计数基准
- Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering Vol. 24, Issue 2, Pages: 187-202(2023)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  2.Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  3.Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
  4.School of Information Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  5.College of Information Sciences and Technology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
  6.State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Author bio：
  
  †E-mail: jqgao20@fudan.edu.cn;
  ‡Corresponding authors
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1631/FITEE.2200380
  CLC： TP391
- Published：0 February 2023，
  
  Received：07 September 2022，
  
  Accepted：2022-12-26
- Accepted：
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JIAQI GAO, JINGQI LI, HONGMING SHAN, et al. Forget less, count better: a domain-incremental self-distillation learning benchmark for lifelong crowd counting. [J]. Frontiers of information technology & electronic engineering, 2023, 24(2): 187-202.
DOI：

JIAQI GAO, JINGQI LI, HONGMING SHAN, et al. Forget less, count better: a domain-incremental self-distillation learning benchmark for lifelong crowd counting. [J]. Frontiers of information technology & electronic engineering, 2023, 24(2): 187-202. DOI： 10.1631/FITEE.2200380.

摘要

人群计数在公共安全和流行病控制方面具有重要应用。一个鲁棒且实用的人群计数系统须能够在真实场景中不断学习持续到来的新域数据，而非仅仅拟合某一单域的数据分布。现有方法在处理多个域的数据时有一些不足之处：（1）由于来自不同域的固有数据分布之间的差异，模型在训练来自新域的图像数据后在旧域中的性能可能会变得十分有限（甚至急剧下降），这种现象被称为灾难性遗忘；（2）由于域分布的偏移，在某一特定域数据中训练好的模型在其他未见域中通常表现不佳；（3）处理多个域的数据通常会导致存储开销的线性增长，例如混合来自所有域的数据进行训练，或者是简单地为每一个域的数据单独训练一个模型。为克服这些问题，我们探索了在域增量式训练设置下一种新的人群计数任务，即终身人群计数。它的目标是通过使用单个模型持续不断地学习新域数据以减轻灾难性遗忘并提高泛化能力。具体来说，提出一种自蒸馏学习框架作为终身人群计数的基准模型（forget less，count better，FLCB），这有助于模型可持续地利用之前学到的有意义的知识来更好地对人数进行估计，以减少训练新数据后对旧数据的遗忘。此外，设计了一种新的定量评价指标，即归一化后向迁移（normalized Backward Transfer，nBwT），用于评估模型在终身学习过程中的遗忘程度。大量实验结果证明了该模型的优越性，即较低的灾难性遗忘度和较强的泛化能力。

Abstract

Crowd counting has important applications in public safety and pandemic control. A robust and practical crowd counting system has to be capable of continuously learning with the newly incoming domain data in real-world scenarios instead of fitting one domain only. Off-the-shelf methods have some drawbacks when handling multiple domains: (1) the models will achieve limited performance (even drop dramatically) among old domains after training images from new domains due to the discrepancies in intrinsic data distributions from various domains

which is called catastrophic forgetting; (2) the well-trained model in a specific domain achieves imperfect performance among other unseen domains because of domain shift; (3) it leads to linearly increasing storage overhead

either mixing all the data for training or simply training dozens of separate models for different domains when new ones are available. To overcome these issues

we investigate a new crowd counting task in incremental domain training setting called lifelong crowd counting. Its goal is to alleviate catastrophic forgetting and improve the generalization ability using a single model updated by the incremental domains. Specifically

we propose a self-distillation learning framework as a benchmark (forget less

count better

or FLCB) for lifelong crowd counting

which helps the model leverage previous meaningful knowledge in a sustainable manner for better crowd counting to mitigate the forgetting when new data arrive. A new quantitative metric

normalized Backward Transfer (nBwT)

is developed to evaluate the forgetting degree of the model in the lifelong learning process. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed benchmark in achieving a low catastrophic forgetting degree and strong generalization ability.

关键词

人群计数知识蒸馏终身学习

Keywords

Crowd countingKnowledge distillationLifelong learning

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